Land survey and measurement is a critical aspect of land management, urban planning, and real estate development in Vietnam. It involves the delineation of property boundaries, the establishment of land plots, and the creation of cadastral maps that reflect the current state of land use. This article provides an in-depth look at the traditional practices of land survey and measurement in Vietnam, as well as the legal framework that governs these activities.

| Traditional Practices of Land Survey and Measurement

The history of land surveying in Vietnam is deeply rooted in agrarian practices, where farmers relied on seasonal changes and communal knowledge to demarcate land. Traditional methods were often based on the local topography and communal landmarks.

Manual Surveying Techniques

• Chain Surveying: Based on direct measurements of distances with chains or tapes, this method was common for small land parcels.
• Triangulation: Using a system of triangles and simple geometry, surveyors could calculate distances and angles to establish land boundaries.
• Optical Instruments: Levels and transit theodolites were used for more precise measurements of angles and elevation, which was vital for irrigation and construction projects.

| Modern Land Survey Practices

Technology Integration

• Electronic Total Stations: Combining the functions of an electronic theodolite and an EDM, total stations are used for collecting survey data and plotting points directly in the field.
• GPS Surveying: GPS technology has allowed for real-time, satellite-based positioning to accurately determine land boundaries over large areas.
• Drones and Aerial Photography: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), commonly known as drones, equipped with cameras and LiDAR sensors are used to capture high-resolution images and generate topographic maps. We will delve deeper into this topic in our next article relating to the integration of drones in land surveying.

Software and Data Management

• Geographic Information Systems (GIS): GIS is employed to manage, analyse, and visualise geographic data, supporting various applications from urban planning to natural resource management.
• Computer-Aided Design (CAD): CAD software assists in creating detailed and precise digital maps and plans, which can be easily updated and shared.

| Regulatory Framework

The legal framework regulating land survey and measurement in Vietnam consists of various laws and regulations that ensure uniformity and legality in all cadastral activities.

The Land Law of 2013

The Land Law of 2013 is a pivotal legal document that lays down the comprehensive legal basis for land management, including survey and measurement activities in Vietnam. It specifies the rights and obligations of land users, the state's role in land management, and the procedures for land registration and issuance of land use rights certificates.

Measurement Standards

The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) issues technical regulations and standards for land surveying. For example, Circulars such as No. 25/2014/TT-BTNMT and its amendments provide detailed guidelines on the accuracy of cadastral maps and acceptable error margins in land surveys.

Subordinate Regulations

Several decrees and circulars under the Land Law provide detailed instructions on land survey methodologies, accuracy requirements, and data management:

• Decree 43/2014/ND-CP: This decree lays down provisions on land prices, registration fees, and the issuance of land use right certificates.
• Circular 24/2014/TT-BTNMT: It defines the procedures for land registration and basic surveying for land parcel boundary delineation.
• Circular 33/2017/TT-BTNMT: This circular amends and supplements the regulations on land database management and land inventory.

Surveying Procedures

The MONRE also outlines the procedures for conducting land surveys. These procedures encompass:

• Determining the purpose of the survey, such as for land division, land consolidation, registration of land use rights, or dispute resolution.
• Collecting relevant data and documents related to the land plot.
• Identifying actual land boundaries and marking them on the ground and on maps.
• Conducting field surveys using appropriate equipment.
• Comparing new survey results with existing documents and resolving any discrepancies.
• Confirming the survey findings with land users and preparing official cadastral documentation.

Dispute Resolution

In cases of boundary disputes, the law requires surveying entities to notify local People's Committees for resolution according to land law provisions. The results of the survey must reflect the resolution of such disputes.

Fees and Charges

Fees for land survey and measurement services are determined by provincial-level People's Councils. These fees vary depending on the location, the complexity of the survey, and the type of service provided.

Surveying Entities

Land surveying in Vietnam can be conducted by authorised governmental agencies or licensed private firms. These entities must adhere to the legal standards and technical regulations set forth by the MONRE.

| Current Challenges and Developments

Urbanization and Development Pressures

Rapid urbanisation and development have placed increased demands on Vietnam's land survey and measurement systems. Ensuring accurate and up-to-date records is more important than ever for sustainable growth.

Capacity Building

There is an ongoing need for capacity building within the surveying profession in Vietnam. This includes training in modern survey methods, legal knowledge, and the ethical conduct of surveying activities.

International Collaboration

Vietnam is actively engaging in international collaboration to adopt best practices and advanced technologies in land surveying. This includes partnerships with foreign governments and international organisations.

| Conclusion

Land survey and measurement in Vietnam is a critical function that supports land management and real estate development. While traditional methods still hold value, the integration of modern techniques has greatly enhanced the accuracy and reliability of surveys. The legal framework provided by the Land Law of 2013 and subsequent regulations ensures that these activities are carried out transparently and consistently across the country. As Vietnam continues to develop, the importance of accurate and legally compliant land surveying remains paramount.